The Sentence

A sentence (=complete idea) can be simple or compound.

Subject
Verb
Connector
Preposition
Modifier
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Subject Complement

Independant Clause: Complete idea + S/V
Dependant Clause: Not a complete idea + Verb
Phrase: Not a complete idea + No verb

1[Cegepsl has 3150 talented students 2[in different programs, 3[which are interesting.

1- IC
2- Phrase
3- DC


Pattern 1 :
Cegepsl has 3150 students; many are smart and talented; some are lazy.

Compound (2ICs)
The semi-colon is used as the connector here. (no conjunction (ex.: not AND many of them..))
We couldn't use a comma here because it would be a run-on. It shouldn't be used because they are 2 independent ideas.

Pattern 1A:
Cegepsl has 3150 students; however, some will drop out.

Compound, semi-colon with conjunctive adverb.
(Therefore, however, thus, then, hence...etc)

Pattern 1B:
Cegepsl has 3150 students; many are taking music, but some are studying dance.

Compound, semi-colon, coordinating conjunction.
(And, but, yet, so....etc)

Pattern 2:
Darwin's "The origin of species" stated a harsh truth: only the fittest survive.
Obama made an important announcement: Hillary will not be my VP.
Shaw told a writer there are three things i dislike about your story: they are the beginning, the middle and the end.
There is one key rule in my life: never ask anyone something you wouldn't ask yourself.

Compound : colon /gives an explanation/ general to specific


Pattern 3:
With passion, determination, purpose, Lincoln condemned slavery.
Mr B. enjoys three sports: swimming, biking and running.

A series (adjectives, nouns, modifier) without a conjunction.


Pattern 4:
God is day and night, winter and summer, war and peace, surfeit and hunger.
'Micheal Clayton' is a story of money and power, passion and obsession, love and hate, good and evil.

A series of balanced pairs.


Pattern 5:
The Mona Lisa, Michelangelo's David, the ceiling of the Sistine chapel - such are the wonders of Renaissance Italy.
or:
- each is a masterpiece.
- all were made during the Renaissance.
- what great art!

Introductory series of appositives with dash-- and summarizing subject.

Exercise: Blending patterns 4 and 5 together with: ham, fruit, coffee, jam, toast, eggs
- Ham and eggs, jam and toast, fruit and coffee -- such are the delicious elements of the perfect breakfast.
- France and England, Italy and Spain, China and India -- all are great countries to visit.

Pattern 6:
My favourite french wines --Merlot, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon-- are wonderful to savour.
Many books students enjoy reading (Emma, Little women, Jane Eyre) show women in traditionnal roles in society.

An internal series of appositives or modifiers using dashes -- or parentheses (...).

Exercise: Write two examples of your own.
- The bird supplies that I need to buy (basic food, treats, corn) are expensive.
- My two brothers --Sebastien and Jean-François-- are working in the music industry.

Pattern 7:
Because it may seem difficult at first, because it may sound awkward, because it creates long sentences, this pattern seems forbidding to writers, but it's easy; try it!
Since he has little imagination and since he had even less talent, he wasn't hired for the job.


Dependant clauses in a pair or series (beginning or end). Subordinating conjunction (like because). time/since, when, after, before, while. place/where, wherever. purpose/because, and.
contrast/although, though, even if.

Pattern 8:
We all inhabit a mysterious world -- the inner world, the world of the mind.
In ­"The Lottery", Jackson mocks community worship of outdated customs,
customs that have no meaning, customs that are uncivilized and barbaric.
- The cuban hurricane was devastating-- devastating for the people, devastating for the land, devastating for the animals and devastating for the vegetation.

Repetition of a key term using a dash (--) or comma for emphasis

Pattern 9:
Metro thieves have a common target: the wallets or purses of old people.
The country elected the 2nd most unpopular man on Earth as PM: Stephen Harper.
- I want to marry a fantastic guy: Jason Mraz.

Emphatic appositive at end after a colon (:)

Pattern 10:
American fast-food is very popular and steakhouses (not to mention Mc D's ans KFC) are in most countries.

Interrupting modifier between subject and verb using two commas, dashes, parentheses
It's for a dramatic effect or a comment

Pattern 10A:
Narcissus ignored Echo so completely (how could he? she was such a lovely nymph
!) that she faded away.

Using a full sentence: statement, question, exclamation (--) or ()

Pattern 11:
Mistakes:
Walking on stage, the spotlight focused on Maggie.
The spotlight focused on Maggie walking on stage.

The three boys tried to steal my bike going on an errand.
Going on an errand, I almost got my bike stolen by three boys.


Introductory or concluding participles (past -ed or irregular , present -ing)

Pattern 12:

Ex: Well, I wonder.
Minutes passed.
It was magical.
That's not my style.
Everything changed.
But then it happened.

Just consider this.




Short simple sentence for dramatic effect or relief used
1- after several long sentences
2- to summarize what you just said
3- to provide transition between 2 or more ideas



Pattern 12A:



What caused the change?

Why did she?

And, why not?

Well, who cares?

What comes next?

When will it end?

How will it end?



Short question for dramatic effect used

1- to arouse interest

2- as a topic sentence in a paragraph

3- in a paragraph for variety





Pattern 13:



How he could fail, is a mystery to me.

Who assassinated JFK is still debated.

Who assassinated JFK got assassinated himself.



A dependant clause as a subject, object or complement using:

who, whom, which, that, what, why, where, when, how











FRED FACTOR